Early motor development: risk factors for delay in a population study in Southern Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To assess risk factors associated with motor development delay at three months of age. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with mothers and their three-month-old babies in Southern Brazil. The Bayley-III Scale of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-III) and the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) were used to assess motor development. RESULTS: We evaluated 756 mothers and their three-month-old babies. The overall mean motor development assessed by the BSID-III and the AIMS was 104.7 (SD 13.5) and 55.4 (SD 25.4), respectively. When assessed by the BSID-III, the lowest motor development scores were among babies born by cesarean delivery (p = 0.002), prematurely (p < 0.001), and with low birth weight (p < 0.001). When assessed by the AIMS, babies born prematurely (p = 0.002) and with low birth weight (p=0.004) had the lowest motor development means. After a cluster analysis, we found that babies born by cesarean delivery, with low birth weight, and prematurely had more impaired motor development compared with children born without any risk factors. CONCLUSION: Identifying risk factors allows the implementation of early interventions to prevent motor development delay and, therefore, reduce the probability of other future problems.

Early motor development: risk factors for delay in a population study in Southern Brazil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To assess risk factors associated with motor development delay at three months of age. METHODS Cross-sectional study with mothers and their three-month-old babies in Southern Brazil. The Bayley-III Scale of Infant and Toddler Development (BSID-III) and the Alberta Infant Motor Scale (AIMS) were used to assess motor development. RESULTS We evaluated 756 mothers and their three-month-old babies. The overall mean motor development assessed by the BSID-III and the AIMS was 104.7 (SD 13.5) and 55.4 (SD 25.4), respectively. When assessed by the BSID-III, the lowest motor development scores were among babies born by cesarean delivery (p = 0.002), prematurely (p < 0.001), and with low birth weight (p < 0.001). When assessed by the AIMS, babies born prematurely (p = 0.002) and with low birth weight (p=0.004) had the lowest motor development means. After a cluster analysis, we found that babies born by cesarean delivery, with low birth weight, and prematurely had more impaired motor development compared with children born without any risk factors. CONCLUSION Identifying risk factors allows the implementation of early interventions to prevent motor development delay and, therefore, reduce the probability of other future problems.

The protective role of postpartum resilience on anxiety rates of Brazilian mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic / O papel protetor da resiliência pós-parto nas taxas de ansiedade de mães brasileiras durante a pandemia de COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objective: We evaluated the protective effect of postpartum resilience (measured before the pandemic onset) on the prevalence of moderate to severe anxiety symptoms during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Methods: The sample included 589 mothers from a longitudinal study in southern Brazil. Three months after delivery we assessed maternal resilience through the Resilience Scale (RS). The Generalized Anxiety Disorders 7-item (GAD-7) was used to assess anxiety symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results: The prevalence of severe to moderate anxiety symptoms in this sample was 28.4% (95% CI: 25.0; 32.0). Resilience showed to be a protective factor against moderate to severe anxiety symptoms during the pandemic (OR: 0.98; p<0.001). Conclusions: The results showed that postpartum resilience is a factor associated with lower odds of a more intense manifestation of anxiety during pandemic periods. Thus, strengthening resilience by reinforcing appropriate coping strategies can prevent mental health problems.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliou-se o efeito protetor da resiliência pós-parto (medida antes do início da pandemia) sobre a prevalência de sintomas de ansiedade moderados a graves durante a pandemia da doença por coronavírus (COVID-19). Métodos: A amostra incluiu 589 mães de um estudo longitudinal do Sul do Brasil. Três meses após o parto, avaliou-se a resiliência materna por meio da Resilience Scale (RS). O Generalized Anxiety Disorders 7-item (GAD-7) foi usado para medir os sintomas de ansiedade durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Resultados: A prevalência de sintomas de ansiedade moderados a graves nessa amostra foi de 28,4% (IC 95%: 25,0-32,0). A resiliência mostrou-se um fator protetor para os sintomas de ansiedade moderados a graves durante a pandemia (RC: 0,98; p<0,001). Conclusões: Os resultados revelaram que a resiliência pós-parto é um fator associado a menor chance de uma manifestação mais intensa da ansiedade durante os períodos pandêmicos. Dessa forma, fortalecer a resiliência, reforçando estratégias de enfrentamento apropriadas, pode prevenir problemas de saúde mental.

Which social, gestational and mental health aspects are associated to maternal-fetal attachment? / Quais aspectos sociais, gestacionais e de saúde mental materna estão associados ao apego materno-fetal?

Abstract Objectives: this study aimed to explore a set of factors associated with lower maternal-fetal attachment (MFA) in pregnant women. Methods: this is a cross-sectional study corresponding to the second wave of a cohort study with a population-based sample of pregnant women in the South of Brazil. The maternal-fetal attachment scale (MFAS) was used to measure MFA. Bivariate analysis was performed using the t-test and ANOVA. The variables that presented p<0.20 were taken for multivariate analysis, through linear regression, in order to control possible confounding factors. Results: a total of 840 pregnant women were included. Pregnant women who had lower MFA means were those who did not live with a partner (B=-3.8 [CI95%=-6.0; -1.7]), those between the first and second trimester of pregnancy (B=-4.3 [CI95%=-5.9; -2.6]), those who did not have support from their mother during pregnancy (B=-2.4 [CI95%=-4.6; -0.2]), and those with depressive symptoms (B=-4.9 [CI95%=-7.4; -2.5]). Conclusions: the results showed that a higher MFA it is associated with an adequate support network during pregnancy, better maternal mental health, and with an advanced pregnancy. Early evaluation of MFA and effort to promote an adequate prenatal bond, focusing on maternal psychological and emotional aspects are strongly suggested.

Resumo Objetivos: explorar um conjunto de fatores associados ao menor apego materno-fetal (AMF) em gestantes. Métodos: trata-se de um estudo transversal, correspondente à segunda fase de um estudo de coorte com uma amostra de base populacional de gestantes no sul do Brasil. Foi utilizada a Escala de Apego Materno-Fetal (EAMF) para medir o AMF. A análise bivariada foi realizada através do teste t e ANOVA. As variáveis que apresentaram p<0,20 foram levadas para análise multivariada, por meio de regressão linear, a fim de controlar possíveis fatores de confusão. Resultados: foram incluídas 840 gestantes. As gestantes que apresentaram menores médias de AMF foram aquelas que não moravam com um companheiro (B=-3,8 [IC95%=-6,0; -1,7]), que estavam entre o primeiro e o segundo trimestre de gestação (B=-4,3 [IC95%=-5,9; -2,6]), que não tiveram o apoio da mãe durante a gestação (B=-2,4 [IC95%=-4,6; -0,2]) e que apresentaram sintomas depressivos (B=-4,9 [IC95%=-7,4; -2,5]). Conclusões: os resultados mostraram que um maior AMF está associado a presença de uma rede de apoio adequada na gravidez, melhor saúde mental materna e a uma gestação avançada. A avaliação precoce do AMF e a promoção de um vínculo pré-natal adequado, com foco nos aspectos psicológicos e emocionais maternos são fortemente sugeridos.

Major depressive episode in mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a population-based study in the Southern Brazil.

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed individuals and families, causing adverse psychological effects, especially in young adults, women, and parents. This study aimed to verify the prevalence of current major depressive episode (CMDE) in mothers of preschoolers (up to five years old) and its associated stressors during the COVID-19 pandemic in a municipality in the Southern Brazil. This is a cross-sectional, population-based study with mothers. All mothers were interviewed by telephone call during the COVID-19 pandemic. We used the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I. Plus) to assess the presence of CMDE. Statistical analysis was conducted using the chi-square test and a multivariate logistic regression. We evaluated 666 mothers. The prevalence of CMDE was 12.3%. Mothers with financial losses had 2.1 (95%CI: 1.3-3.4) more odds of presenting CMDE than those financially stable. We observed that financial losses were determinant for the higher prevalence of depression in mothers.

As quedas de pacientes no ambiente hospitalar entre os anos de 2009 a 2019: uma revisão integrativa / Caídas en el entorno hospitalario entre 2009 y 2019: una revisión integradora / Falls in the hospital environment between 2009 and 2019: an integrative review

Objetivo: conhecer a produção de conhecimento sobre as quedas de pacientes no ambiente hospitalar nas publicações científicas entre os anos de 2009 a 2019. Métodos: revisão integrativa realizada nas bases de dados eletrônicas, Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina dos Estados Unidos da América (MEDLINE), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Banco de Dados em Enfermagem (BDENF), utilizando-se as palavras-chave "Acidentes por quedas", "Pacientes internados" e "Hospital", a partir da análise temática. Resultados: a análise dos 17 estudos permitiu discutir temas como: segurança do paciente e quedas de pacientes no ambiente hospitalar. Conclusão: É de extrema importância identificar as características dos pacientes que sofrem quedas durante a internação hospitalar, caracterizando o perfil dos pacientes mais suscetíveis a esse agravo, além de estabelecer condutas preventivas para a ocorrência deste agravo.

Objetivo: conocer la producción de conocimiento sobre las caídas de pacientes en el ámbito hospitalario en publicaciones científi cas entre 2009 y 2019. Métodos: revisión integrativa realizada en las bases de datos electrónicas, Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina de los Estados Unidos de América (MEDLINE), Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS), Base de Datos de Enfermería (BDENF), utilizando las palabras clave "Accidentes por caídas", "Pacientes Internados" y "Hospital", basado en el análisis temático. Resultados: el análisis de los 17 estudios permitió discutir temas como: seguridad del paciente y caídas del paciente en el ámbito hospitalario. Conclusión: Es de suma importancia identifi car las características de los pacientes que sufren caídas durante la hospitalización, caracterizando el perfil de pacientes más susceptibles a esta condición, además de establecer medidas preventivas para la ocurrencia de esta condición.

Objective: to know the production of knowledge about the falls of patients in the hospital environment in scientific publications between 2009 and 2019. Methods: integrative review conducted in the electronic databases, Medical Literature Analysis and Retrievel System Online (MEDLINE), Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences (LILACS), Nursing Database (BDENF), using the keywords "Accidents due to falls", "Inpatients" and "Hospital", based on the thematic analysis. Results: the analysis of the 17 studies allowed to discuss topics such as: patient safety and patient falls in the hospital environment. Conclusion: It is extremely important to identify the characteristics of patients who suff er falls during hospitalization, characterizing the profile of patients most susceptible to this condition, in addition to establishing preventive measures for the occurrence of this condition.

Major depressive episode in mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a population-based study in the Southern Brazil / Episódio depressivo maior entre mães durante a pandemia da COVID-19: um estudo populacional no Sul do Brasil / Episodio depresivo mayor en madres durante la pandemia de COVID-19: un estudio de base poblacional en el sur de Brasil

The COVID-19 pandemic has changed individuals and families, causing adverse psychological effects, especially in young adults, women, and parents. This study aimed to verify the prevalence of current major depressive episode (CMDE) in mothers of preschoolers (up to five years old) and its associated stressors during the COVID-19 pandemic in a municipality in the Southern Brazil. This is a cross-sectional, population-based study with mothers. All mothers were interviewed by telephone call during the COVID-19 pandemic. We used the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I. Plus) to assess the presence of CMDE. Statistical analysis was conducted using the chi-square test and a multivariate logistic regression. We evaluated 666 mothers. The prevalence of CMDE was 12.3%. Mothers with financial losses had 2.1 (95%CI: 1.3-3.4) more odds of presenting CMDE than those financially stable. We observed that financial losses were determinant for the higher prevalence of depression in mothers.

A pandemia da COVID-19 tem levado a mudanças em indivíduos e famílias, com efeitos psicológicos adversos, principalmente em adultos jovens, mulheres e pais e mães. O estudo buscou averiguar a prevalência de episódio depressivo maior atual (EDMA) em mães de pré-escolares (até 5 anos de idade) e estressores associados durante a pandemia da COVID-19 em uma cidade no Sul do Brasil. Este é um estudo transversal aninhado em um estudo de base populacional com mães. Todas as mães foram entrevistadas através de contato telefônico durante a pandemia da COVID-19. Os autores usaram a Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I. Plus) para avaliar a presença de EDMA. A análise estatística foi realizada, calculando o qui-quadrado e a regressão logística multivariada. Foram avaliadas 666 mães. A prevalência de EDMA foi de 12,3%. Mães com perdas financeiras apresentaram probabilidade 2,1 vezes maior (IC95%: 1,3-3,4) de apresentar EDMA, comparadas com aquelas que mantiveram a situação financeira. Com base nos resultados, os autores observaram que perdas financeiras foram determinantes para a prevalência maior de depressão materna.

La pandemia de COVID-19 ha provocado cambios en los individuos y las familias, causando efectos psicológicos adversos, especialmente en los adultos jóvenes, las mujeres y los padres y madres. El objetivo de este estudio fue verificar la prevalencia del episodio depresivo mayor actual (EDMA) en madres de preescolares (hasta 5 años) y sus estresores asociados durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en una ciudad del sur de Brasil. Se trata de un estudio transversal anidado en un estudio poblacional con madres. Todas las madres fueron entrevistadas mediante contacto telefónico durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Se utilizó la Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I. Plus) para evaluar la presencia de EDMA. El análisis estadístico se realizó calculando la prueba de chi-cuadrado y una regresión logística multivariante. Se evaluaron 666 madres. La prevalencia de EDMA fue del 12,3%. Las madres con pérdidas económicas tenían un 2,1 (IC95%: 1,3-3,4) más probabilidades de presentar EDMA que las que mantuvieron su situación económica. Teniendo en cuenta los resultados, observamos que las pérdidas económicas fueron determinantes para la mayor prevalencia de depresión materna.

Associação entre vínculo parental e qualidade da vinculação amorosa em universitários no sul do Brasil / Association between parental bond and quality of love bonding in university students in southern Brazil / Asociación entre el vínculo parental y la calidad del vínculo amoroso en estudiantes universitarios del sur de Brasil

A partir das primeiras experiências de vinculação, serão internalizados modelos representacionais que servirão de protótipo para as relações amorosas no futuro. Este estudo investigou a associação entre a percepção de vínculo parental e a qualidade da vinculação amorosa em universitários no sul do Brasil. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, no qual foram utilizados o Questionário de Vinculação ao Pai e à Mãe e o Questionário de Vinculação Amorosa. A análise estatística foi baseada no modelo de Regressão Linear Múltipla. Foram avaliados 89 universitários. A cada aumento de um ponto no escore da inibição da exploração e da individualidade no vínculo materno, houve uma diminuição no escore da confiança e um aumento no escore da ambivalência no vínculo amoroso. Os resultados demonstram que dificuldades no estabelecimento de um vínculo precoce saudável podem ocasionar sentimento de insegurança, ambivalência e baixa confiança nos relacionamentos amorosos futuros.

From the first experiences of bonding, representational models will be internalized that will serve as a prototype for loving relationships in the future. This study investigated the association between the perception of parental bond and the quality of love bonding in university students in southern Brazil. This is a cross-sectional study, in which the Questionário de Vinculação ao Pai e à Mãe and the Questionário de Vinculação Amorosa were used. The statistical analysis was based on the Multiple Linear Regression model. We assessed 89 university students. For each increase of one point in the mean of inhibition of exploitation and individuality in the maternal bond, there was a decrease in the mean of confidence and an increase in the mean of ambivalence in the love bond. The results demonstrate that difficulties in establishing a healthy early bond can lead to feelings of insecurity, ambivalence and low confidence in future relationships.

A partir de las primeras experiencias de vinculación, se internalizarán modelos representativos que servirán como prototipo de relaciones amorosas en el futuro. Este Estudio investigó la asociación entre la percepción del vínculo parental y la calidad del vínculo amoroso entre los estudiantes universitarios del sur de Brasil. Este es un estudio transversal, en el que se utilizaron el Questionário de Vinculação ao Pai e à Mãe y e l Questionário de Vinculação Amorosa. El análisis estadístico se basó en el modelo de Regresión Lineal Múltiple. Se evaluaron 89 estudiantes universitarios. Por cada aumento de un punto en el promedio de inhibición de la exploración e individualidad en el vínculo materno, hubo una disminución en el promedio de confianza y un aumento en la promedio de ambivalencia en el vínculo amoroso. Los resultados demuestran que las dificultades para establecer un vínculo temprano saludable pueden generar sentimientos de inseguridad, ambivalencia y poca confianza en las relaciones futuras.

Eventos estressores na família e indicativos de problemas de saúde mental em crianças com idade escolar / Stressor events in the family environment that are indicative of mental health problems in children of school age

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a relação entre eventos estressores ocorridos no último ano na família de crianças e adolescentes com indicativos de problemas de saúde mental em uma amostra de estudantes de duas escolas de uma cidade no sul do Brasil. Estudo transversal com 1.075 estudantes matriculados em duas escolas públicas de ensino fundamental (uma estadual e outra municipal). Foi utilizado o Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire para avaliação de fatores emocionais e comportamentais da criança, e a Escala de Avaliação de Reajustamento Social de Holmes e Rahe (1967) para avaliar os eventos estressores. Foram utilizados o teste qui-quadrado e a regressão de Poisson, com ajuste robusto para variância, expressando os resultados em razão de prevalências (RP) e intervalos de confiança de 95%. As chances de apresentar problemas de hiperatividade foram 1,42 (IC 95% 1,10-1,83) vezes maiores no tercil intermediário e 1,37 (IC 95% 1,06-1,78) no tercil superior, quando comparados ao tercil inferior. Quanto aos problemas de relacionamento, as chances foram de 1,49 (IC 95% 1,15-1,93) vezes maiores no tercil superior ao serem comparados com o tercil inferior. Os resultados sugerem que fatores ambientais podem ser fortemente relacionados à etiologia dos transtornos mentais na infância e adolescência.

Abstract The scope of this article is to evaluate the relationship between stressor events that occurred last year in the family of children and adolescents that are indicative of mental health problems in a sample of students from two schools in a city in southern Brazil. It involved a cross-sectional study with 1,075 students enrolled in two public elementary schools. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was used to assess emotional and behavioral factors of the child and the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) of Holmes and Rahe (1967) to assess stressor events. The chi-square and Poisson regression test with robust variance adjustment for expressing the results in the prevalence ratio (PR) and confidence intervals of 95% were used. The chances of presenting problems of hyperactivity were 1.42 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.83) times higher in the intermediate tercile and 1.37 (95% CI 1.06-1.78) in the higher tercile compared with the lower tercile. With respect to relationship problems the chances were of 1.49 (95% CI 1.15 to 1.93) times higher in the higher tercile when compared with the lower tercile. The results suggest that environmental factors may be strongly related to the etiology of mental disorders in childhood and adolescence.

Comparison of two instruments to track depression symptoms during pregnancy in a sample of pregnant teenagers in Southern Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Depression during pregnancy in adolescents is increasing significantly. However, instruments for early depression screening during prenatal care are scarce. Faced this fact, the objective of this research is to identify the best cutoff points for the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) in a sample of pregnant adolescents. METHOD: 807 pregnant adolescents, with a mean age of 17 years, met in public antenatal services were evaluated. Two screening scales for depression were analyzed, EPDS and the BDI. These scales had their accuracy measured by AUC of their ROC curve, as well as their respective sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS: In the analysis, the best cutoff for the EPDS was≥10, in which the sensitivity was 81.1% and specificity 82.7%. For the BDI, it was with recognized the cutoff ≥11, sensitivity 86.7% and specificity 73.8%. In the analysis of the ROC AUC, values of 0.89 (CI 0.87-0.92) for the EPDS and BDI for 0.87 (CI 0.84-0.89) were identified compared to the MINI. LIMITATIONS: The sample was composed majority by middle and low income adolescent and the study was performed only with pregnant women in the second trimester. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that both scales have good accuracy in screening of depression in adolescent mothers. However, the EPDS scale shows higher AUC ROC and also better sensitivity and specificity values, the latter being more precise and effective for screening for depression in this population.

[Stressful life events and mood disorders: a community sample]. / Eventos de vida estressores e episódios de humor: uma amostra comunitária.

Mood disorders are a consequence of the interaction between environmental and biological factors. The objective of this study was to identify associations between stressful life events (LEs) and mood disorders in a community sample of young people in southern Brazil. It is a cross-sectional population-based study on young people between 18 and 24 years of age. The selection of the sample was conducted via conglomerates. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interviews were used to evaluate mood disorders, and the Social Readjustment Rating Scale to assess stressful life events. The sample included 1172 young people. Of the total sample, the proportion of stressful life events in the last year in each category was: 53.8% work, 42.4% loss of social support, 63.8% family, 50.9% environmental changes, 61.1% personal difficulties, and 38.7% finances. A significant relationship was found between categories of stressful life events and mood disorder episodes. A higher incidence of stressful life events was found among young people in a mixed episode compared to young people in a depressive, (hypo)maniac episode with controls. This finding suggests a psychosocial interaction between stressful life events and the occurrence of mood disorders.

Eventos de vida estressores e episódios de humor: uma amostra comunitária / Stressful life events and mood disorders: a community sample

Transtornos de humor são consequentes de uma interação entre fatores biológicos e ambientais. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar associações entre eventos vitais estressores e transtornos de humor em uma amostra comunitária de jovens do Sul do Brasil. Trata-se de estudo transversal de base populacional com jovens de 18 a 24 anos. A seleção da amostra foi realizada por conglomerados. Os episódios de alteração do humor foram avaliados através da Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview , enquanto os eventos vitais estressores foram mensurados através da escala de reajustamento social de Holmes e Rahe. A amostra foi de 1172 jovens. A proporção de eventos vitais estressores no último ano, em cada categoria, no total da amostra, foi de: 53,8% trabalho, 42,4% perda de suporte social, 63,8% família, 50,9% mudanças ambientais, 61,1% dificuldades pessoais e 38,7% finanças. Houve associação significativa entre eventos vitais estressores e episódios de alteração de humor. Foi verificada maior ocorrência de eventos vitais estressores entre os jovens em episódio misto, quando comparados aos jovens em episódio depressivo, (hipo) maníaco e controles. Esses achados sugerem uma interação psicossocial entre eventos vitais estressores e os episódios de alteração de humor.

Mood disorders are a consequence of the interaction between environmental and biological factors. The objective of this study was to identify associations between stressful life events (LEs) and mood disorders in a community sample of young people in southern Brazil. It is a cross-sectional population-based study on young people between 18 and 24 years of age. The selection of the sample was conducted via conglomerates. Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interviews were used to evaluate mood disorders, and the Social Readjustment Rating Scale to assess stressful life events. The sample included 1172 young people. Of the total sample, the proportion of stressful life events in the last year in each category was: 53.8% work, 42.4% loss of social support, 63.8% family, 50.9% environmental changes, 61.1% personal difficulties, and 38.7% finances. A significant relationship was found between categories of stressful life events and mood disorder episodes. A higher incidence of stressful life events was found among young people in a mixed episode compared to young people in a depressive, (hypo)maniac episode with controls. This finding suggests a psychosocial interaction between stressful life events and the occurrence of mood disorders.

Major depressive disorder during teenage pregnancy: socio-demographic, obstetric and psychosocial correlates.

OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) during pregnancy in teenage mothers and to assess its association with socio-demographic characteristics, obstetric history and psychosocial variables. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of pregnant teenagers enrolled in the national public health system in the urban area of Pelotas, southern Brazil. MDD was assessed with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, the Abuse Assessment Screen was used to identify physical abuse within the last 12 months and during pregnancy, and social support was assessed with the Medical Outcomes Survey Social Support Scale. RESULTS: Forty-three (4.94%) potential subjects refused to participate, resulting in 828 total participants. The prevalence of MDD was 17.8%, 9.2% reported they had been subjected to violence within the last 12 months, while 5.8% had suffered violence during pregnancy, and the mean (SD) overall social support score was 87.40 (11.75). After adjustment, we found the highest incidence of MDD in adolescents with less than 8 years of education, followed by those with previous episodes of MDD and those with lower overall social support. CONCLUSIONS: MDD is a relatively common condition in pregnant teenagers and appears to be more prevalent in young mothers who are both socioeconomically and psychosocially underprivileged.

Major depressive disorder during teenage pregnancy: socio-demographic, obstetric and psychosocial correlates

OBJECTIVES: To describe the prevalence of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) during pregnancy in teenage mothers and to assess its association with socio-demographic characteristics, obstetric history and psychosocial variables. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of pregnant teenagers enrolled in the national public health system in the urban area of Pelotas, southern Brazil. MDD was assessed with the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview, the Abuse Assessment Screen was used to identify physical abuse within the last 12 months and during pregnancy, and social support was assessed with the Medical Outcomes Survey Social Support Scale. RESULTS: Forty-three (4.94%) potential subjects refused to participate, resulting in 828 total participants. The prevalence of MDD was 17.8%, 9.2% reported they had been subjected to violence within the last 12 months, while 5.8% had suffered violence during pregnancy, and the mean (SD) overall social support score was 87.40 (11.75). After adjustment, we found the highest incidence of MDD in adolescents with less than 8 years of education, followed by those with previous episodes of MDD and those with lower overall social support. CONCLUSIONS: MDD is a relatively common condition in pregnant teenagers and appears to be more prevalent in young mothers who are both socioeconomically and psychosocially underprivileged.